The Attribution Theory And Development Of Competence And...

(satisfactory relations with others), and at the top of the hierarchy is growth needs (development of competence and realization of potential). The overall idea of this theory is very similar to Maslow’s but in a more rational sense. Alderfer’s theory can also be comparable in a workplace through the idea that people of different status amongst a business environment are motivated by different things; top managers being motivated by self-developmental growth needs, whereas lower level employees strive to climb the hierarchy of needs. The attribution theory is a cognitive approach to understanding motivation, developed by Bernard Weiner in 1974. This theory involves an individual’s belief in whether they have control of certain variables, and whether these variables are internal or external. Internal variables being ability and effort, with effort one has control over and ability one does not have control over, and luck and task difficulty being external variables , with luck being out of an individual’s control, and task difficulty being within their control. This theory is very individualistic meaning these variables are contingent upon the individual. This theory explains why individual’s thoughts, emotions and behaviors occur through a motivational sense. This theory is important to understand because it describes how people respond to adversity, and most importantly can be directly related to how an employee responds in a workplace environment when faced with obstacles.Show MoreRelatedResearch On Children s Selective Learning3388 Words   |  14 Pagesbefore, children actively monitor the knowledge and intentions of potential sources of information, and, all else being equal, prefer to learn from more competent and moral individuals, a phenomenon termed selective learning (see Koenig Stephens, 2014, for a review). Thus far, the extant research on children’s selective learning has focused exclusively on describing c hildren’s sensitivity to various indicators of source competence and morality. The primary aim of the proposed study is to go beyondRead MoreReaction Paper in Hbo8197 Words   |  33 PagesOrganizational system and human behaviour. 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Strategic Planning Is To Structure Busines â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Strategic Planning Is To How to Structure the Business? Answer: Introduction Cassidy (2016) depicts that for an organization it is important to sketch their priorities, vision, mission, focus energy and different agreement for attaining intended business outcomes. This approach of detailed analysis is known as strategic planning. Strategic planning also ensures effective competencies of an organization regarding the fact that they can survive any adversity by marinating their business objectives. Thus, Smith (2013) portrays that absence of effective strategic planning not only results in poor business performance but also suffers for adversity like employee attrition, ineffective brand recognition and slow financial growth. Marketers also utilize some strategic planning tools for assessing their performance regularly and take effective steps for future improvements. Discussion Overview of the strategic planning Short et al. (2013) mentioned that strategic planning is a process of envisioning a desired future and evaluating strategies regarding strengthening operations, allocating resources for different business procedures along with maintaining and developing their companys resources. Organizations in this process evaluate their strength and weakness and assess their ability to develop in the future to attain more financial growth. This planning allows an organization to assess the gaps that have to be overcome for the business intensification (Cassidy, 2016). Strategic planning comprises of four simple steps that serve the purpose of business success. Analysis of the existing state In this stage, marketers evaluate organization's external and internal environment and assess the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the organization (Johnston Bate, 2013). The evaluation of the competencies of the rival groups and future scope and barriers for products and services development into a new market will also be assessed during this step. Outlining the future state Albrechts (2013) stated that after assessing the external and internal business environment, in the second phase, marketers develops the mission and vision statement that represents the position. In this phase, they intend to be in future and what approaches they have to take in order to attain those goals. Channon and Jalland (2016) moreover portray that essential values that supports the developed mission and vision is also assessed by the managing authorities of an organization. Determination of objectives and strategies In this step, not only the required approaches are determined but necessary resources are also listed that allows them to attain the business objectives efficiently (Gordon, 2013). Albrechts (2013) thus state that the resource allocation is primarily accomplished in this step. Implementation and evaluation This is the final step, where marketers implement and evaluate the plan. Floros (2015) also explains that in larger organizations like multinational companies or government bodies, this implementation of developed plan are carried out through different set of organizational member. Moreover, Peteraf et al. (2014) depicts that monitoring the entire recess allows mangers to assess whether or not the developed process is effective and whether or not positive results are obtained through the developed plan. Value of the strategic planning in Wesfarmers Wesfarmers being the leader in retail industry in Australia, it is evident that they have an effective strategic plan through which the concerned organization able to attain much financial growth and business success. Wesfarmers desires to increase their business divisions and hence obtained many acquisitions since 1984 to 2007 (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2017). As a result, by the year 2009,the concerned organization has nine divisions- Coles Group, Home Improvement Office Supplies, Target Group, K Mart Group, Resources, Insurance, Industrial- - Safety, Chemicals- - Fertilisers Division and Energy (Floros, 2015). The success in the business growth for Wesfarmers can easily be witnessed as each of the acquisitioned body comprised of other divisions. Their strategic planning also observed from their management of the entire group as well as the every division. Wesfarmers was governed by a board of 10 directors and each division is also regulated by a board of executive members (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2017). Wesfarmers also plans for focusing on the managing capital and intends to emphasize more on optimizing the cost of debt, management of the business portfolio and maintenance of the balance sheet flexibility. In addition to that, the goals that they have formulated also reveal their strategic planning. These objectives are- to follow entrepreneurial initiative for securing growth opportunities, obtaining operational excellence by provide strength to existing business, renewal of the business portfolio through value-adding transactions and establishing long- term management for ensuring sustainability (Smith, 2013). Their strategic planning also comprised of five broad steps- Start- Managers organizes planning and engage different parties to work collaboratively. Purpose- These managers also set target and size up the strategic challenges Analyze- In this step, the managers evaluate the internal business environment to establish necessary operations Decide- The established operation plans are once again evaluated so that the best strategy can be utilized for better business outcome. Execute- This is the final step, where the organizations leaders evaluates and actions on the strategies. Lastly, it can also be said that the corporate office determines performance targets for each of their divisions and that is measured by return of capital (ROC) and return of equity (ROE) in conventional times. The outcome is compared with the five- year divisional plan that is proposed by each Wesfarmers division. Another strategy that drives their success is their corporate culture. In addition to that, financial discipline was the key to their successful acquisition and generating satisfactory shareholder returns. According to their plan, the business unit managers are liable for carrying out all the business expansion details and Business Development Department (BDD) staff assists them to evaluate projects without affecting the business culture of each division. Consequences of absence of strategic planning Haines (2016) stated that strategic planning also provides a direction to all the working personnel. In addition to that, strategic plan is also useful from annual budgets to set an organizational culture. However, Hill et al. (2014) argues that absence of strategic plan signifies that the organization does not have any objective to follow. This furthermore results in lack of focusto achieve corporate goals, problems in allocating efficient resources for performing each business divisions. Cohen (2014) moreover portrays that effective strategic planning also demands a well structure hierarchy within the workplace. The lack of coherent planning also signifies that here is no focused effort for employees. The adverse effect of absence of strategic planning can also be witnessed through improper communication among the business units and divisions. In context of Wesfarmers, the corporate strategies are established through top- down structure that is the managers, who are seniors at the corporate level are also the member of board of directors at divisional boards. Baker (2014) explains that in this way, these managers not only can handle the working procedures in a particular unit but also act as an effective decision- maker for the entire Wesfarmers Group. Simons (2013) argues that in spite that the organization took every effective step to perform their business operations effectively, lack in proper planning results in huge loss for the organization. It is found from the case study that financial discipline was the key to Wesfarmers' acquisitions and the managing authorities are careful for not to pay too much. Initially many plans are made for the business but lastly, many plans often get rejected as it requires much cost for implementing. However, no additional plan was made if any plan gets rejected. The prime reason for this is that Wesfarmers values stakeholders more than companys acquisitions and they often opt for divestments if some of its costs too high. This results in low profitability for the entire organization in the year 2009 due to Coles Turnaround (Haines, 2016). The actual reason highlighted by many business experts are the difference of organizational values and objectives. Moreover, in the year 2016, Coles remains strong but the Wesfarmers 2016 profit dropped and their desired target was missed out (Abc.net.au., 2017). In the year 2016, Coles increased its revenue by 2.7% compared to its 2015 financial year but for this Wesfarmers investing in every day low pricing scheme by lowering Coles prices with nearly 1, 000 products (Ausfoodnews.com.au, 2017). Decision making model to address strategic analysis, choice and implementation The decision- making model comprise of eight steps- identification of the problem, establishment of the decisions criteria, weighing decision criteria, generating alternatives, evaluating the alternatives, choosing the best alternatives, implementation of the decisions and evaluation of the decisions (Cohen, 2014). Hill et al. (2014) also depicts that the strategic analysis comprise of the first five stages, where an organization develops effective plans for business benefits. The process of choice is represented by the sixth step while the implementation process comprises of seventh and eights step. Image 1- Decision- making model (Source- Cohen, 2014) Strategic Analysis Baker (2014) portrays that in this step, marketers defines the problem that necessitates the analysis. The major focus of this analysis is to gain competitive market share; building company image and refining the operational systems. Wesfarmers also identifies the approaches for business expansion and focusing on the specific departments through which they can provide a huge products and services options to their customers. Cohen (2014) also mentions that in this step, marketers also gather information that defines the strength of the organization. The businessperson also conducts observational studies and assembles qualified teams to evaluate departmental strengths. In case of Wesfarmers, the unit board of directors evaluates the competencies of each unit so that they can assess the performance of the overall unit. They analyze the strategic challenge that needs development of specific development of the undertaken systems. In the third step, the marketers often analyze internal env ironment for identifying the potential opportunities and threats. Wesfarmers mangers also identifies the firms effortsand other external business environment analysis like changes in government regulations, price reductions on raw materials or shifts in public opinion before acquisition other business divisions (Ibrahim, 2015). Taken for instance, Wesfarmers board of directors identify the opportunity for improve returns through improvements in operating costs and margins, optimizing level of working capital and identifying new sources from existing capital. Moreover, (Cohen, 2014) also highlight that in Wesfarmers the discipline of invest for growth is also planned by identifying opportunity to invest capital profitability. Lastly, the planning for managing capital is accomplished through optimizing the cost of debt through gearing and access to debt markets, managing business portfolio along with the maintenance of balance sheet flexibility. Lastly, the review of found results is crucial for identification of the most effective step for implementing an action. Strategic Choice This process comprise of choosing the best alternative among all other listed solutions. Gordon (2013) describes that strategic choice signifies the approach for understanding the nature of stakeholders expectations, identification of the strategic option and finally, the evaluation and selection of optimal choice. It is evident from the given case study that, one of the directors of Wesfarmers had noticed that the common thing that top organizations were following was high return on shareholder funds and is considered as fundamental measure for corporate success until now (Gordon, 2013). Changing the performance measures, setting targets for each division and developing five- year plan for each business divisions are some of the proposed strategies in Wesfarmers. However, the first suggested plan took much time to implement as the process is very cumbersome. Cohen (2014) also affirms that the other two strategies are effectively followed by the organization due to which Wesfarmers h ave attained immense success. Thus, it can be said that the second two proposed suggestions were selected. Strategic Implementation Baker (2014) portrays that strategic implementation resembles the penultimate stage of strategic management and strategic analysis and choice. In this context, it can be said that the second and third suggestion is implemented that is to perform according to the target set for each business divisions and developing a five- year divisional plan so that the progress can be evaluated. Taken for instance, Wesfarmers always valued their stakeholder more than their business profitability. Wesfarmers invested in bringing improvement in fresh produce offering, expanding its online shopping service and providing training to improve customer service (Ausfoodnews.com.au, 2017). However, in the same year Wesfarmers did not meet the set target but individually as a group, Coles managed to increase their profit by 2.7% compared to the previous year. Overview of business level strategies and identification of two business level strategies of the organization Baker (2014) explains that approaches and methods that a companyconducts various functions in the business operations resemble the business- level strategies. Larger companies like Wesfarmers, who have several departments with different business functions, often use more business strategies compared to small organizations. These business- level strategies also provide guidelines for managing authorities so that they can direct other employees for attaining business objectives (Li Dimitratos, 2014). There are four types of business- level strategies- Coordinate Unit Activities Channon and Jalland (2016) depicts that this business level strategies signifies the coordination of all individual unit activitiesof an organization. However, Baker (2014) stated that managers usually evaluate the coordination of these groups. These managers take all the decisions and liable for allocating resources among different business units or divisions. Identification of Market Niches Hill et al. (2014) highlighted that this process conducts economic analysis and examines customers and market demand. Moreover, Huys et al. (2015) describes other niches that are modification of existing products or services and targeting a specific demographic group. Channon and Jalland (2016) furthermore portrays that filling a specific market nicheallows other organizations to incur higher consumer prices. Utilize Human Resources Managing human resources are crucial for performing a business functions as employees or staffs are liable to operate all the business functionalities (Gordon, 2013). These building blocks of the organization are responsible to produce a specific output of goods or services. Thus, selecting right type of human resources of the organization drives the profitability and productivity of the organization. Monitor Product Strategies Gordon (2013) stated that evaluation of human resources and business culture is not only important but monitoring of the products and services are also important for evaluating the business effectiveness. Baker (2014) also affirms that some companies review the acquisition process for economic resources, business facilities and other administrative costs so that it can be ensured whether or not all the capital is used for earning a strong rate of return. In context of Wesfarmers, the two business- level strategies that are used are- Coordinate Unit Activities and Identification of Market Niches. Coordinate Unit Activities In Wesfarmers, there are boards of 10 directors, who are working as an executive directors as well as senior management at the corporate level. Moreover, the Managing Director of the concerned organization not only manages the finance of the company but also handles all the public affairs and human resource operations (Smith, 2013). Moreover, the authorities at the headquarter handles the business operations of all the other business divisions so that the Wesfarmers as an organization can outperform to attain maximum financial growth. Identification of Market Niches The prime objective of the Wesfarmers is to satisfy all kind of customers need through which they can serve their best for acquire best business outcomes. The Coles Group themselves provides supermarkets facility, convenience stores, liquor chains and online pharmacy services (Channon Jalland, 2016). Moreover, the division of Home Improvement Office Supplies has three retail divisions that serves- hardware, electronic goods and other office supplies (Gordon, 2013). On the other hand, Smith (2013) defines that The Target Group retails clothes, home- wares and electronic goods. K-Mart are also liable for the similar kind of business but served a relatively low-end market segment. Thus, from this discussion it can be evaluated that not only product niche is evaluated but the niche for market segment is also assessed through their acquisition. Wesfarmers also cover the insurance and fertilizers sectors through their acquisition of Lumley and CSB respectively. Overview of industry environment, importance of industry environment and its impact on organization Industry environment The forces that have a significant impact on the success of an organization based on the products and services offerings, threat of new competition, changesinconsumertastes and price competitiveness is known as industry environment (Channon Jalland, 2016). Purce (2014) also depicts that marketing departments cannot control these forces. Importance of industry environment The importance of industry environment can be witnessed from the provision of the ability of the managing authorities through which they can evaluate the progress of the organization (Purce, 2014). Industry environment analysis allows the marketers to review information on current economic market conditions and local economic market. Moreover, this assessment of industry environment also allows an organization to estimate how much profit they can generate through their business operations. (Smith, 2013) furthermore depicts that business owners may discover a market niche through the analysis of industry environment. Vertical and horizontal integration of an organization The overarching term vertical integration implies that a business organization expands into new operation in order to decrease the reliability of firms on others in the process of production as well as distribution. One of the most effective advantages of vertical integration is that by implementing this particular strategy a specific business organization has a complete control over one or more than one stages while distributing the product. Horizontal integration is another form of business strategy with the help of which a specific business organization intends to integrate internal assets for enhancing the range of production capacity (Mazzolari Neumark, 2012). The primary purpose of implementing horizontal integration is to acquire business acquisition for enhancing the productivity of organization. The enhancement of productivity would help the business organizations to generate more revenue that reflects in the business improvement. Horizontal integration is possessed with some of the major advantages. This specific business strategy helps the organization in integrating the business assets and enhancing internal resources for performing well. In context to the Wesfarmers it has been observed the business experts have primarily focused on horizontal integration in order to run their entire business process successfully in the market of retail industry. As per the case scenario it has been observed that Wesfarmers have used horizontal integration strategy in order to make an acquisition with Coles. The primary purpose of business acquisition with Coles was integrating internal assets (Reardon, Timmer Minten, 2012). As a result, people belonging to different geographical boundaries would get the scope to use the products and services within time. Wesfarmers primarily wanted to integrate the human resources in order to keep a constant control over the demand and supply of the products. However, the case scenario has depicted that after the business acquisition Coles failed to maintain their business process effectively in the market (Clrier Valle, 2013). The workforces were not able to perform well due to large number of re ligious barriers as well as cultural barriers. In this kind of situation, horizontal integration strategy was not effective for enhancing the revenue growth of this specific organization (Fernandes Chamusca, 2014). The revenue growth of Coles has been decreased after maintaining the business acquisition process of the organization. Wesfarmers in order to overcome this specific situation can be recommended to identify the issues that Wesfarmers is facing currently before using a specific business strategy. Image 2: Vertical and Horizontal strategy (Source: Basker, Klimek Hoang Van, 2012) Definition of diversification and recommendation Diversification is one of the most effective risk management technique based on which a specific business organization tends to focus on wide variety of investment within the portfolio. Diversification can be maintained on products, services and workforces. With the changing environment of business industry the rapid needs and demands of the customers are changing gradually. In this kind of situation, the customers tend to purchase products and services only when they would get variety (Assaf et al., 2012). Product diversification is one of the most effective business strategies of enhancing the needs and demands of the customers. Like the same way business organizations can maintain diversity within service process as well. The customers executives should be flexible enough in dealing with the customers of different cultural backgrounds. Consumers belonging to different geographical boundaries should be treated with equal respect and dignity. In this kind of situation, the target cu stomers would show their interest in using the products and service process of organization (Yu, Ramanathan Nath, 2014). In addition, diversification can be maintained in the recruitment process as well. People should be recruited as per the skill and competency level of the employees that than their cultural attributes. However, the human resource managers should recruit the employees from various psychologies and attitudes. As per the case scenario, it has been observed that Wesfarmers has maintained business acquisition strategy with Coles in order to render diversification within the business process. Ultimately, it has been observed that the implementation of this specific strategy is possessed with some of its negative effects as well (Berry?Stlzle, Hoyt Wende, 2013). After the implementations of product and service diversity the business experts failed to maintain a balance on the overall service process. The customers of Wesfarmers had to wait for a long time in order to receive the service of this specific organization. However, the primary recommendations that Wesfarmers can be provided for maintaining diversification at the workplace are as follows: Recruiting sufficient number of workforce: In order to maintain product diversification at the workplace Wesfarmers should recruit sufficient number of employees who would be able to keep a constant control over the entire business process. While maintaining diversified products and services the organization should have different counters (Ashworth, 2012). Therefore, sufficient number of workforce strength is highly needed who would be able to fulfill the needs and demands of customers and the customers would not have to wait for a long time in order to receive the service process. Providing professional and development training on maintaining professional attitude at the workplace: Wesfarmers can be recommended that employees should be provided a professional and development training. With the help of this training session, employees would be able to maintain their professional attitudes. Employees endowed with diverse cultures and attitudes cannot exchange necessary information with each other (Lowe, George Alexy, 2012). As a result, this specific training session would help the employees to maintain an effective communication with each other. In addition, an effective training session would help the employees to control over the entire process of business despite having diversification. Overview of strategic alliances and its advantage and disadvantage Strategic alliance is the mutual understanding between the two or more than two parties in order to reach the set of goals (Celerier Vallee, 2013). In this specific business scenario it has been observed that a mutual strategic alliance has been created between Coles and Wesfarmers for expanding the entire business process beyond going to the regional market. After evaluating the case study it has been observed that Wesfarmers failed to maintain an effective communication with the business experts of Coles. As a result, this particular strategic alliance theory has not become applicable for the business organization (Ashworth, 2012). Strategic alliance however is possessed with some of the major advantages and disadvantages. In context to Wesfarmers, the organization after making agreement with Coles has enhanced their number of workforces, their physical equipment, technological devices and many other material aspects (Berry?Stolzle, Hoyt Wende, 2013). As a result, the customers are getting services within time. People belonging to different geographical markets are getting necessary facilities and benefits from the business experts by using the advancement of technology. At the same time, the theory of strategic alliance is possessed with some of the major disadvantages as well. After the business acquisition the employees of different cultural backgrounds has been amalgamated within the same process of business (Lowe, George Alexy, 2012). As a result, employees fail to communicate with each other properly. Due to the lack of communication, the employees failed to provide appropriate service process to the employees. In this kind of situation, the business experts of Wesfarmers had to face innumerabl e difficulties in running drawing the attention of customers from different geographical locations. Synopsis of multinational, international, global and transnational strategies Multinational strategies Goerzen et al. (2014) portrays that a multinational organization invests in other country and are not intended to have coordinated product offerings in each country. Their strategy is to focus in adopting their products and services and offer it to in those local markets. International strategies International companies are liable to import and export their products. Buckley and Ghauri, (2015) describes that their strategies is to only investment in host countries. Hitt et al. (2016) also describes that international strategies deploys innovations and resourcesallocation through foreign investments. In international companies, marketers examine and audit their competence, present and prospective competitions along with position of its key suppliers (Verbeke Asmussen, 2016). Global strategies The strategy adopted by global companies is to invest in many nations and territories. They also emphasizes on selling of same products with same name in these nations. Cavusgil et al. (2013) furthermore stated that these organizations majorly focus on the cost management, efficiency and volume. In addition to that, Channon and Jalland (2016) portrays that global strategy needs to gain economies of scale for selling their same brand products to many customers. Transnational strategies According to the viewpoint of De Marchi et al. (2014), a transnational company follows a difficult organizational structure. Their strategy is to invest in foreign operations. They also involves in decision-making and marketing powers for each individual foreign country (Doh et al. 2015). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that strategic planning ensures effective competencies of an organization. Wesfarmers also develop some strategic plans that comprise of five steps. The first step is start, where managers organize planning and engage different parties to work collaboratively. The second phase is purpose, where these managers also set target and size up the strategic challenges. The third step is analyze and in this step, the managers evaluates internal business environment to establish necessary operations. The fourth step is decide that resembles that they focus on establishment of operation plans are once again evaluate the plan so that the best strategy can be utilized for better business outcome. The final and the fifth step is execute, here the organizations leaders evaluates and actions on the strategies. This allows the concerned organization to handle all their business division after acquisition different companies. It is also concluded from the discussion that Wes farmers conventional strategy for valuing stakeholder are still effective but for managing every business division effectively, all the subsidiaries must align their business culture together. This way in recent time, also they can attain maximum financial growth through each division. The company also follows a top-bottom approach for decision-making that is that same person is liable for handling both units responsibility and entire business liability. In this way, all the managing authorities have a clear perception regarding the business operation that is required to maintain all the business units under a single brand name. Reference List Abc.net.au. (2017). wesfarmers result. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-24/wesfarmers-results/777939 Albrechts, L. (2013). Reframing strategic spatial planning by using a coproduction perspective. Planning Theory, 12(1), 46-63. Ashworth, C. J. (2012). Marketing and organisational development in e-SMEs: understanding survival and sustainability in growth-oriented and comfort-zone pure-play enterprises in the fashion retail industry. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8(2), 165-201. Assaf, A. G., Josiassen, A., Ratchford, B. T., Barros, C. P. (2012). 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Sustainability Metrics Thring and Bellagio Principles

Sustainability has been a topic of heated debate for decades. People, officials, policy makers, educators all strive for sustainable future, though there are a few people who can really follow sustainable principles.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, there are numerous sustainability principles and approaches which have been developed by different people. Though, none of the approaches has been chosen as the one to follow. It is necessary to note that there are several sustainability metrics which can help chose the most appropriate approach. This, in its turn, can help people adopt the most efficient sustainability approach. It is possible to illustrate evaluation of sustainability metrics by comparing and contrasting two widespread approaches. The Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustain able development will be compared. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the two approaches have a lot in common. For instance, the Thring sufficiency concept provides a particular scale of sustainable consumption (Tester et al., 2012). Hence, sustainable consumption presupposes sufficient amount of product (food, energy, services, etc.) that ensures high quality of life without unnecessary excess which often leads to numerous issues. Likewise, the Bellagio principles of sustainable development presuppose evaluation of possible negative as well as positive consequences of people’s activities (Tester et al., 2012).Advertising Looking for assessment on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These principles are close to the Thring sufficiency concept. More so, it is possible to state that the Bellagio principles can be implemented with the help of the concept developed by Thring. Furthermore, ac cording to both approaches responsibility should be shared among individuals and governments. Each individual as well as the government should follow the principles of sustainability, which is the key to success. Apart from similarities, the two approaches also differ in many ways. One of the most significant differences is that the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed. Thus, these principles can be seen as a plan to follow to achieve sustainability in all aspects of people’s lives (Tester et al., 2012). In contrast to the Bellagio principles, the Thring concept can be regarded as a specific way to identify sustainable practices in this or that sphere. There is no description of possible ways to achieve sustainability in the sphere. To illustrate possible use of both approaches and their difference, it is possible to consider such issue as urban transportation. According to the Thring concept, it is clear that urban transportation should suffice for all inh abitants of the area to access urban facilities. When there is insufficient transportation, public transport will be overcrowded and lots of people will be unable to access certain destinations which can negatively affect the development of the area as qualified employees will be unable to access their working places.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, too much transportation leads to increase in emissions and the necessity to build roads which is associated with additional (considerable) energy consumption. Thus, a possible solution is to provide sufficient public transportation which will make private vehicles unnecessary. People will be able to use public transport to get to their working places. Admittedly, this is possible when the government as well as every individual can accept the sustainable app roach. This solution can be applied if people focus on the good for all rather than on personal benefits. When it comes to the Bellagio principles, the issues concerning urban transportation can be solved with the help of a comprehensive plan. First, the city government will set clear goals, e.g. to develop sufficient urban transportation system. Then, the officials will implement holistic approach and make sure that all essential of the problems are included in the discussion. For example, such aspects as availability of transport, environmental consequences, cost-effectiveness, etc. will be highlighted. The government will also assess the present state of the urban transportation system. After that, the government will develop specific timelines for each stage of the plan, e.g. timelines for development of efficient routes, production and provision of vehicles, etc. According to the Bellagio principles for sustainable development, it is essential to assess implementation of the pl an. Thus, supervisors will assess the changes. For instance, the supervisors will trace the number of private vehicles, the number of people using public transport, the amount of emissions, the degree of satisfaction, etc. Besides, it is crucial to ensure openness of the assessment.Advertising Looking for assessment on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, people should be able to access reports on implementation of the plan. These can be online reports which are updated regularly. More so, there should be place for commentaries or different forms of feedback as people should be able to participate in the process as well. This will contribute to effective communication. It is also necessary to note that communication should be transparent and plan developers as well as conductors should understand goals set, timelines developed and approaches which can be used. It is also important to make sure that all groups of stakeholders involved can participate in the process of the plan development. Officials, employees, entrepreneurs, unemployed people should all take part in the discussion. Finally, the government should be totally responsible for the implementation of the plan and encourage individuals to share their vision. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the two approaches mentioned above are effective when combined. Thus, the Bellagio principles for sustainable development can be the basis and the Thring sufficiency concept can be used at the stage of evaluation and assessment. Reference List Tester, J.W., Drake, E.M., Driscoll, M.J., Golay, M.W., Peters, W.A. (2012). Sustainable energy: Choosing among options. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. This assessment on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles was written and submitted by user Axel Allison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Teens Should have Birth Control essays

Teens Should have Birth Control essays Many teenagers now are very sexually active and take the risk that comes with sexual intercourse. There are many consequences that come with having sex. First of all, it can cause pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and emotional consequences too. (Edelson 50) That is why birth control is an important part a teenagers life today. Birth control can reduce pregnancy and STDs. Teens must be provided with a birth control method to protect themselves and also their futures. Providing teens with birth control will reduce teen birth rates, more teens would complete high school, and in addition prevent U.S. expenses on teen pregnancies. Over one million teens become pregnant each year. (Teen Pregnancy Facts t get pregnant the first time theyve had sex, assumed everyone is having sex, and as a matter of fact have unwanted sex. If teens decide to have sex, it means that they must also decide to take responsibility to protect themselves. Many teens do not have birth control to prevent the consequences that comes with sex. Teens need more Sexuality Education. By teens having this education and knowledge they will be aware of what contraceptive are available to them. This will for sure protect teens from HIV and STDs and unintended pregnancy. (Teen Pregnancy, The Case for Prevention) The U.S. government tries very hard to reduce the number of teen pregnancies in the United States. (Edelson 115) Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually. (Teen Pregnancy Facts t afford to take care of a child many go on welfare. Teen pregnancy has a high cost on welfare and health care. About 80% of teen mothers do not complete high school. Wouldnt it be a great to have more teens rec...

Those Winter Sundays Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Those Winter Sundays Poem - Essay Example The entire first stanza paints a very clear picture of the scene. The father â€Å"put on his clothes in the blueblack cold, / then with cracked hands that ached / from labor in the weekday weather made / banked fires blaze† (2-5). Words such as ‘blueblack’ evoke images of the pre-dawn morning just before the first light begins to lighten the sky from the pitch dark of midnight. Associating this immediately with the word cold causes one to think of the bone-chilling emptiness of space, the physical pain of crawling out of a warm bed while half-dressed. This image is compounded by the idea of his cracked hands due to his age and accustomed chores, which cause his hands to be exposed to the elements on a regular basis. In case there was any question, the author even states outright that the father’s hands ached, and yet he dragged himself out of bed before anyone else to make sure that the fire was going well to warm the house before anyone else needed to get out of bed. This scene is reinforced by the imagery of the second stanza in which the narrator describes the breaking up of the cold as if it were the breaking up of the river ice. It is heard â€Å"splintering, breaking† (6) until the house finally becomes warm enough for the children to be called from their beds. This imagery presents the dedication of the father in ways that simply stating the father’s love wouldn’t do. This imagery is coupled with the use of contrasts to make the meaning of the poem clear. After describing the tender scene of the father getting up in the terrible cold in order to make the house warm, the narrator talks about his fears getting out of bed in the warmth the father has provided. â€Å"slowly, I would rise and dress, / fearing the chronic angers of that house† (8-9). While the father gets up to a bitter cold, the child rises to fears of too much heat. Throughout the poem, it is made clear that

My Family Is My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Family Is My Life - Essay Example The examples that show these lessons on virtues include kindness, care for others, and development of my good attitude in life towards people and the society, and patience. The second reason for the family is the main foundation of my life is my parents. My parents were the ones who taught me how to eat, build relations with others, how to write and behave making the family as important as ever. My parents also developed me in terms of providing better care, housing, and companionship.   The basis for the formation of life’s values. Many of the values I have were developed at the family unit. Family enabled the formation of basic life values including good mannerisms, morals that act the idea face in the society, development of character, and these all make family my life. I also learned the importance of respect, hard work, commitment to a given goal and the need to be assertive into to order succeed at the family unit. Without the strict guidelines and procedures set at th e family unit, I would not be in a position to achieve success yet maintain professionalism, humility and respect as I have today.  The family has always acted in my best interest with encouragement whenever I fail, appreciation when I succeed, care when ill, and protection from enemies, making family the best friends in life. Secondly, the family has always been there for me through provision of finances and other resources through lower education up to know showing that they have always wanted the best for me.  Ã‚  

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica Presented by: Sepideh Sadeghi Introduction Crystalline silica is known as an important constituent in some construction materials like stone, sand, concrete, and granite (1, 2). It comes from different industrial activities such as agriculture, sandblasting, mining, foundry, construction, oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing (3). Crystalline silica is present in the form of Quartz, Cristobalite and tridymite and all of them are known as a source of exposure in the work places (1, 2). Exposure to crystalline silica can cause silicosis, and a progressive fibrosis of the lungs (2). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have found two forms of quartz and cristobalite carcinogenic (4, 5). There is a possible mechanism that denotes how this material causes lung disease; when active oxygen species (AOS) is generated by chemicals reactions, it can interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids in macromolecules, then mutation in DNA can initiate the process of cancer or DNA damage (6). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) which is adopted by OSHA is, (RCS): PEL = (10 mg/m3)/ (%silica+2) which restricts both the exposure to RCS and respirable dust (7). The PEL has not updated since the agency was established in 1971. There are many techniques to identify and quantify crystalline silica such as X-ray diffraction methods, Infrared methods, optical and electron microscopy techniques, chemical and thermal analysis. However, some of these techniques have some limitations in their process (8). The purpose of this study is reviewing the OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica. Background Based on the researches done to identify the reason of workers’ illnesses in Vermont granite occurred in 1940 the OSHA proposed the current PEL in 1971(7). The most common symptoms among the workers in Vermont granite were shortness of breath, dry cough, and reduced pulmonary function (9). Then, a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3 for RCS was proposed by NIOSH in 1974 (7, 10) In 1989, NIOSH testified to OSHA that silica should be considered a â€Å"potential occupational carcinogen.† And IARC attested to classify crystalline silica as a carcinogen (7, 11). As a result, the ACGIH accepted to list the silica as an â€Å"A2 Suspected Human carcinogen† In 1999, and, in 2000, adopted a TLV of 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 for RCS. In 2006, additional evidences indicated the relation between lung cancer and the inflammation caused by silica, and it led the ACGIH to reduce the TLV to 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9, 12). Results and discussion The detrimental effects of silica on the workers’ health such as lung cancer, kidney diseases and sometimes death necessitated OSHA proposing a new PEL for respirable crystalline silica of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9). The investigations conducted in the industries showed that workers were at the risk of illnesses and death below the current PELs (9). The following paragraphs address the OSHA considerations for reducing the PEL for crystalline silica. Possibility of Sampling and Analytical Methods The possibility of sampling and analytical methods is between the several limitations that can affect the OSHA decision to reduce the silica PELs. There are some available and accurate personal sampling cyclones like SKC G-3, Higgens-Dowel, Dorr-Oliver, and BGI GK 2.69 which were examined by OSHA for collecting the respirable crystalline silica. According to OSHA, all of these devices are able to collect the silica as low as 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 which is needed for the OSHA analytical method of ID-142 (9). Regarding analytical methods to measure silica, two factors of sensitivity and accuracy are investigated by OSHA. The first method that OSHA concludes it has a reasonable sensitivity for measuring the silica was the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). However, the poor inter-laboratory results indicated that the mentioned methods are lack of precision. The XRD method of ID-142 presents the precision of  ±23 for the crystalline silica of 50 to 160 ÃŽ ¼g and  ±19 percent for the sampling and analytical error. Therefore, the OSHA could not rely on such colorimetric methods to measure the low amount of silica. Finally, OSHA’s analysis found the laboratories good agreement for the samples in the range of 49-70 ÃŽ ¼g. Therefore, OSHA believes that a PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is more appropriate in the workplaces (9). Possibility of Control Technologies According to possibility of control technologies the OSHA has conducted an analysis for both of general industry sectors and construction industry activities that are potentially affected by the proposed silica standard. 3.2.1. Possibility Findings for the Proposed Permissible Exposure Limit of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 According to the results of findings, OSHA assumed that the proposed PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is appropriate for all affected general industries as well as construction activities (9). Thus, OSHA discerned that the PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 will be sufficient to maintain in engineering and work practices. And for those few activities within an industry where the proposed PEL is not technologically achievable the workers can achieve the exposure levels at or below the proposed PEL by wearing the protective equipments such as respirators (9). 3.2.2 Feasibility Findings for an Alternative Permissible Exposure Limit of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 Regarding to the results of possibility analysis, OSHA concludes that a proposed PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be achievable for many industries, and using respiratory protection would have to be required in most operations to achieve compliance. However, there are several industries that have achieved an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 such as asphalt paving products, dental laboratories, mineral processing, and paint and coatings manufacturing in general industry, and drywall finishers and heavy equipment operators in construction industry. In these industries, small amounts of silica containing materials cause to have low concentrations of airborne respirable silica (9). The ferrous foundry industry would not be able to agree with the PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 without using the respirators. In the ferrous foundry industry silica is used and recycled to create castings and there is a big amount of silica dust during the process of recycling. Also, the high level silica dust is generated during the shakeout process. The engineering controls determine the exposures below 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, but the exposure above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 still occur. Therefore, the engineering controls in place, reported the exposure range of 13 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 53 ÃŽ ¼g/m3, with many of the reported exposures above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3(9). The construction industry is similar to the ferrous industry with regarding the generation of dust. Thus, the engineering controls cannot comply to maintain exposures at or below the alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. 3.3. Cost of compliance In this section the detailed assessment of the costs to establishments in all affected industry sectors was provided for supporting of the proposed silica rule of reducing worker exposures to silica to an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3.Table 1 describes the annualized costs of the proposed rule by cost category for general industry, maritime, and construction. The cost is including the engineering controls, respirators, exposure assessment, medical issue, training and regulating areas or access control. Table 1. Annualized Compliance Costs for Employers in General Industry, Maritime, and Construction Affected by OSHA’s Proposed Silica Standard (2009 dollars) (13) Table 1 depicts the total annualized costs of the proposed rule, $132.5 million by general industry, $14.2 million by maritime, and $511.2 million by construction. So, considering the economic feasibility, OSHA standards are economically feasible so long as their costs do not threaten the existence of, or cause massive economic dislocations within, a particular industry or alter the competitive structure of that industry. For example, firms that want to have a profitable line of business may have to increase prices to stay viable. Increases in prices typically result in reduced quantity demanded, but rarely eliminate all demand for the product. This decrease in the total production of goods and services results in smaller output for each establishment within the industry or the closure of some plants within the industry, or a combination of the two, is dependent on the cost and profit structure of individual firms within the industry. So, the economic matter is the controversial subj ect to discuss and there are always some contradictions in companies to accept the cost of new proposed PELs. Conclusion The limitations in the characterization of the precision of the analytical method preclude the Agency from proposing a PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. First, the measurement error increases by about 4 to 5 percent for a full-shift sample taken at 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 compared to one taken at 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, and the error would be expected to increase further as filter loads approach the limit of detection. Second, for an employer to be virtually certain that an exposure to quartz did not exceed 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 as an exposure limit, the exposure would have to be below 21 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 given the error of  ±16 percent calculated from the OSHAs Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) study. Based on the information presented in the technological feasibility analysis, the Agency believes that 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is the lowest feasible PEL. An alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible because the engineering and work practice controls identified to date will not be sufficient to consistently reduce exposures to levels below 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 in most operations most of the time. OSHA believes that an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible for many industries, and that the use of respiratory protection would be necessary in most operations most of the time to achieve compliance. Additionally, the monetary matter is the controversial subject that raises many contradictions in firms to accept the new proposed PELs by OSHA. References 1. Beaudry C., Lavouà © J., Sauvà © J-F., Bà ©gin D., Senhaji Rhazi M., Perrault G., Dion C., Gà ©rin M., (2012), Occupational Exposure to Silica in Construction Workers: A Literature-Based Exposure Database, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 71–77. 2. www.osha.gov/Occupational Health/Projects/Crystalline Silica Exposure.htm 3. Esswein E. J., Breitenstein M., Snawder J., Kiefer, M., Sieber WK., (2013), Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 347-356. 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012), A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Lyon, France: IARC. 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), (2011), Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). In Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: DHHS, PHS, NTP, 377–379. 6. Mossman B. T., Jimenez L.A. , Bà ©rubà © K., Quinlan T., Janssen Y.M.W.,( 2011), Possible Mechanisms of Crystalline Silica-Induced Lung Disease, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10:1115-1117. 7. Hewett P., Morey S.Z., Holen B. M., Logan P. W., Olsen G. W., (2012), Cohort Mortality Study of Roofing Granule Mine and Mill Workers. Part I: Estimation of Historical Crystalline Silica Exposures, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9: 199-210. 8. Miles W. J., (2010), Issues and Controversy: The Measurement of Crystalline Silica; Review Papers on Analytical Methods , American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 60:396–402. 9. www.osha.gov/silica/nprm.pdf. 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), (1974), NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica. HEW (NIOSH) Pub. No.75–120. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NIOSH. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (1997), Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils. IARC Monographs, Vol. 68. Lyon, France: IARC. 12. ACGIH, (2006), Silica, Crystalline: ÃŽ ±-Quartz and Cristobalite. Chemical Substances, 7th Edition Documentation. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH. 13. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2007and 2013).