Sustainability Metrics Thring and Bellagio Principles

Sustainability has been a topic of heated debate for decades. People, officials, policy makers, educators all strive for sustainable future, though there are a few people who can really follow sustainable principles.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, there are numerous sustainability principles and approaches which have been developed by different people. Though, none of the approaches has been chosen as the one to follow. It is necessary to note that there are several sustainability metrics which can help chose the most appropriate approach. This, in its turn, can help people adopt the most efficient sustainability approach. It is possible to illustrate evaluation of sustainability metrics by comparing and contrasting two widespread approaches. The Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustain able development will be compared. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the two approaches have a lot in common. For instance, the Thring sufficiency concept provides a particular scale of sustainable consumption (Tester et al., 2012). Hence, sustainable consumption presupposes sufficient amount of product (food, energy, services, etc.) that ensures high quality of life without unnecessary excess which often leads to numerous issues. Likewise, the Bellagio principles of sustainable development presuppose evaluation of possible negative as well as positive consequences of people’s activities (Tester et al., 2012).Advertising Looking for assessment on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These principles are close to the Thring sufficiency concept. More so, it is possible to state that the Bellagio principles can be implemented with the help of the concept developed by Thring. Furthermore, ac cording to both approaches responsibility should be shared among individuals and governments. Each individual as well as the government should follow the principles of sustainability, which is the key to success. Apart from similarities, the two approaches also differ in many ways. One of the most significant differences is that the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed. Thus, these principles can be seen as a plan to follow to achieve sustainability in all aspects of people’s lives (Tester et al., 2012). In contrast to the Bellagio principles, the Thring concept can be regarded as a specific way to identify sustainable practices in this or that sphere. There is no description of possible ways to achieve sustainability in the sphere. To illustrate possible use of both approaches and their difference, it is possible to consider such issue as urban transportation. According to the Thring concept, it is clear that urban transportation should suffice for all inh abitants of the area to access urban facilities. When there is insufficient transportation, public transport will be overcrowded and lots of people will be unable to access certain destinations which can negatively affect the development of the area as qualified employees will be unable to access their working places.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, too much transportation leads to increase in emissions and the necessity to build roads which is associated with additional (considerable) energy consumption. Thus, a possible solution is to provide sufficient public transportation which will make private vehicles unnecessary. People will be able to use public transport to get to their working places. Admittedly, this is possible when the government as well as every individual can accept the sustainable app roach. This solution can be applied if people focus on the good for all rather than on personal benefits. When it comes to the Bellagio principles, the issues concerning urban transportation can be solved with the help of a comprehensive plan. First, the city government will set clear goals, e.g. to develop sufficient urban transportation system. Then, the officials will implement holistic approach and make sure that all essential of the problems are included in the discussion. For example, such aspects as availability of transport, environmental consequences, cost-effectiveness, etc. will be highlighted. The government will also assess the present state of the urban transportation system. After that, the government will develop specific timelines for each stage of the plan, e.g. timelines for development of efficient routes, production and provision of vehicles, etc. According to the Bellagio principles for sustainable development, it is essential to assess implementation of the pl an. Thus, supervisors will assess the changes. For instance, the supervisors will trace the number of private vehicles, the number of people using public transport, the amount of emissions, the degree of satisfaction, etc. Besides, it is crucial to ensure openness of the assessment.Advertising Looking for assessment on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, people should be able to access reports on implementation of the plan. These can be online reports which are updated regularly. More so, there should be place for commentaries or different forms of feedback as people should be able to participate in the process as well. This will contribute to effective communication. It is also necessary to note that communication should be transparent and plan developers as well as conductors should understand goals set, timelines developed and approaches which can be used. It is also important to make sure that all groups of stakeholders involved can participate in the process of the plan development. Officials, employees, entrepreneurs, unemployed people should all take part in the discussion. Finally, the government should be totally responsible for the implementation of the plan and encourage individuals to share their vision. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the two approaches mentioned above are effective when combined. Thus, the Bellagio principles for sustainable development can be the basis and the Thring sufficiency concept can be used at the stage of evaluation and assessment. Reference List Tester, J.W., Drake, E.M., Driscoll, M.J., Golay, M.W., Peters, W.A. (2012). Sustainable energy: Choosing among options. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press. This assessment on Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles was written and submitted by user Axel Allison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Teens Should have Birth Control essays

Teens Should have Birth Control essays Many teenagers now are very sexually active and take the risk that comes with sexual intercourse. There are many consequences that come with having sex. First of all, it can cause pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases and emotional consequences too. (Edelson 50) That is why birth control is an important part a teenagers life today. Birth control can reduce pregnancy and STDs. Teens must be provided with a birth control method to protect themselves and also their futures. Providing teens with birth control will reduce teen birth rates, more teens would complete high school, and in addition prevent U.S. expenses on teen pregnancies. Over one million teens become pregnant each year. (Teen Pregnancy Facts t get pregnant the first time theyve had sex, assumed everyone is having sex, and as a matter of fact have unwanted sex. If teens decide to have sex, it means that they must also decide to take responsibility to protect themselves. Many teens do not have birth control to prevent the consequences that comes with sex. Teens need more Sexuality Education. By teens having this education and knowledge they will be aware of what contraceptive are available to them. This will for sure protect teens from HIV and STDs and unintended pregnancy. (Teen Pregnancy, The Case for Prevention) The U.S. government tries very hard to reduce the number of teen pregnancies in the United States. (Edelson 115) Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually. (Teen Pregnancy Facts t afford to take care of a child many go on welfare. Teen pregnancy has a high cost on welfare and health care. About 80% of teen mothers do not complete high school. Wouldnt it be a great to have more teens rec...

Those Winter Sundays Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Those Winter Sundays Poem - Essay Example The entire first stanza paints a very clear picture of the scene. The father â€Å"put on his clothes in the blueblack cold, / then with cracked hands that ached / from labor in the weekday weather made / banked fires blaze† (2-5). Words such as ‘blueblack’ evoke images of the pre-dawn morning just before the first light begins to lighten the sky from the pitch dark of midnight. Associating this immediately with the word cold causes one to think of the bone-chilling emptiness of space, the physical pain of crawling out of a warm bed while half-dressed. This image is compounded by the idea of his cracked hands due to his age and accustomed chores, which cause his hands to be exposed to the elements on a regular basis. In case there was any question, the author even states outright that the father’s hands ached, and yet he dragged himself out of bed before anyone else to make sure that the fire was going well to warm the house before anyone else needed to get out of bed. This scene is reinforced by the imagery of the second stanza in which the narrator describes the breaking up of the cold as if it were the breaking up of the river ice. It is heard â€Å"splintering, breaking† (6) until the house finally becomes warm enough for the children to be called from their beds. This imagery presents the dedication of the father in ways that simply stating the father’s love wouldn’t do. This imagery is coupled with the use of contrasts to make the meaning of the poem clear. After describing the tender scene of the father getting up in the terrible cold in order to make the house warm, the narrator talks about his fears getting out of bed in the warmth the father has provided. â€Å"slowly, I would rise and dress, / fearing the chronic angers of that house† (8-9). While the father gets up to a bitter cold, the child rises to fears of too much heat. Throughout the poem, it is made clear that

My Family Is My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Family Is My Life - Essay Example The examples that show these lessons on virtues include kindness, care for others, and development of my good attitude in life towards people and the society, and patience. The second reason for the family is the main foundation of my life is my parents. My parents were the ones who taught me how to eat, build relations with others, how to write and behave making the family as important as ever. My parents also developed me in terms of providing better care, housing, and companionship.   The basis for the formation of life’s values. Many of the values I have were developed at the family unit. Family enabled the formation of basic life values including good mannerisms, morals that act the idea face in the society, development of character, and these all make family my life. I also learned the importance of respect, hard work, commitment to a given goal and the need to be assertive into to order succeed at the family unit. Without the strict guidelines and procedures set at th e family unit, I would not be in a position to achieve success yet maintain professionalism, humility and respect as I have today.  The family has always acted in my best interest with encouragement whenever I fail, appreciation when I succeed, care when ill, and protection from enemies, making family the best friends in life. Secondly, the family has always been there for me through provision of finances and other resources through lower education up to know showing that they have always wanted the best for me.  Ã‚  

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica Presented by: Sepideh Sadeghi Introduction Crystalline silica is known as an important constituent in some construction materials like stone, sand, concrete, and granite (1, 2). It comes from different industrial activities such as agriculture, sandblasting, mining, foundry, construction, oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing (3). Crystalline silica is present in the form of Quartz, Cristobalite and tridymite and all of them are known as a source of exposure in the work places (1, 2). Exposure to crystalline silica can cause silicosis, and a progressive fibrosis of the lungs (2). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have found two forms of quartz and cristobalite carcinogenic (4, 5). There is a possible mechanism that denotes how this material causes lung disease; when active oxygen species (AOS) is generated by chemicals reactions, it can interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids in macromolecules, then mutation in DNA can initiate the process of cancer or DNA damage (6). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) which is adopted by OSHA is, (RCS): PEL = (10 mg/m3)/ (%silica+2) which restricts both the exposure to RCS and respirable dust (7). The PEL has not updated since the agency was established in 1971. There are many techniques to identify and quantify crystalline silica such as X-ray diffraction methods, Infrared methods, optical and electron microscopy techniques, chemical and thermal analysis. However, some of these techniques have some limitations in their process (8). The purpose of this study is reviewing the OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica. Background Based on the researches done to identify the reason of workers’ illnesses in Vermont granite occurred in 1940 the OSHA proposed the current PEL in 1971(7). The most common symptoms among the workers in Vermont granite were shortness of breath, dry cough, and reduced pulmonary function (9). Then, a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3 for RCS was proposed by NIOSH in 1974 (7, 10) In 1989, NIOSH testified to OSHA that silica should be considered a â€Å"potential occupational carcinogen.† And IARC attested to classify crystalline silica as a carcinogen (7, 11). As a result, the ACGIH accepted to list the silica as an â€Å"A2 Suspected Human carcinogen† In 1999, and, in 2000, adopted a TLV of 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 for RCS. In 2006, additional evidences indicated the relation between lung cancer and the inflammation caused by silica, and it led the ACGIH to reduce the TLV to 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9, 12). Results and discussion The detrimental effects of silica on the workers’ health such as lung cancer, kidney diseases and sometimes death necessitated OSHA proposing a new PEL for respirable crystalline silica of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9). The investigations conducted in the industries showed that workers were at the risk of illnesses and death below the current PELs (9). The following paragraphs address the OSHA considerations for reducing the PEL for crystalline silica. Possibility of Sampling and Analytical Methods The possibility of sampling and analytical methods is between the several limitations that can affect the OSHA decision to reduce the silica PELs. There are some available and accurate personal sampling cyclones like SKC G-3, Higgens-Dowel, Dorr-Oliver, and BGI GK 2.69 which were examined by OSHA for collecting the respirable crystalline silica. According to OSHA, all of these devices are able to collect the silica as low as 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 which is needed for the OSHA analytical method of ID-142 (9). Regarding analytical methods to measure silica, two factors of sensitivity and accuracy are investigated by OSHA. The first method that OSHA concludes it has a reasonable sensitivity for measuring the silica was the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). However, the poor inter-laboratory results indicated that the mentioned methods are lack of precision. The XRD method of ID-142 presents the precision of  ±23 for the crystalline silica of 50 to 160 ÃŽ ¼g and  ±19 percent for the sampling and analytical error. Therefore, the OSHA could not rely on such colorimetric methods to measure the low amount of silica. Finally, OSHA’s analysis found the laboratories good agreement for the samples in the range of 49-70 ÃŽ ¼g. Therefore, OSHA believes that a PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is more appropriate in the workplaces (9). Possibility of Control Technologies According to possibility of control technologies the OSHA has conducted an analysis for both of general industry sectors and construction industry activities that are potentially affected by the proposed silica standard. 3.2.1. Possibility Findings for the Proposed Permissible Exposure Limit of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 According to the results of findings, OSHA assumed that the proposed PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is appropriate for all affected general industries as well as construction activities (9). Thus, OSHA discerned that the PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 will be sufficient to maintain in engineering and work practices. And for those few activities within an industry where the proposed PEL is not technologically achievable the workers can achieve the exposure levels at or below the proposed PEL by wearing the protective equipments such as respirators (9). 3.2.2 Feasibility Findings for an Alternative Permissible Exposure Limit of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 Regarding to the results of possibility analysis, OSHA concludes that a proposed PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be achievable for many industries, and using respiratory protection would have to be required in most operations to achieve compliance. However, there are several industries that have achieved an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 such as asphalt paving products, dental laboratories, mineral processing, and paint and coatings manufacturing in general industry, and drywall finishers and heavy equipment operators in construction industry. In these industries, small amounts of silica containing materials cause to have low concentrations of airborne respirable silica (9). The ferrous foundry industry would not be able to agree with the PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 without using the respirators. In the ferrous foundry industry silica is used and recycled to create castings and there is a big amount of silica dust during the process of recycling. Also, the high level silica dust is generated during the shakeout process. The engineering controls determine the exposures below 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, but the exposure above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 still occur. Therefore, the engineering controls in place, reported the exposure range of 13 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 53 ÃŽ ¼g/m3, with many of the reported exposures above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3(9). The construction industry is similar to the ferrous industry with regarding the generation of dust. Thus, the engineering controls cannot comply to maintain exposures at or below the alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. 3.3. Cost of compliance In this section the detailed assessment of the costs to establishments in all affected industry sectors was provided for supporting of the proposed silica rule of reducing worker exposures to silica to an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3.Table 1 describes the annualized costs of the proposed rule by cost category for general industry, maritime, and construction. The cost is including the engineering controls, respirators, exposure assessment, medical issue, training and regulating areas or access control. Table 1. Annualized Compliance Costs for Employers in General Industry, Maritime, and Construction Affected by OSHA’s Proposed Silica Standard (2009 dollars) (13) Table 1 depicts the total annualized costs of the proposed rule, $132.5 million by general industry, $14.2 million by maritime, and $511.2 million by construction. So, considering the economic feasibility, OSHA standards are economically feasible so long as their costs do not threaten the existence of, or cause massive economic dislocations within, a particular industry or alter the competitive structure of that industry. For example, firms that want to have a profitable line of business may have to increase prices to stay viable. Increases in prices typically result in reduced quantity demanded, but rarely eliminate all demand for the product. This decrease in the total production of goods and services results in smaller output for each establishment within the industry or the closure of some plants within the industry, or a combination of the two, is dependent on the cost and profit structure of individual firms within the industry. So, the economic matter is the controversial subj ect to discuss and there are always some contradictions in companies to accept the cost of new proposed PELs. Conclusion The limitations in the characterization of the precision of the analytical method preclude the Agency from proposing a PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. First, the measurement error increases by about 4 to 5 percent for a full-shift sample taken at 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 compared to one taken at 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, and the error would be expected to increase further as filter loads approach the limit of detection. Second, for an employer to be virtually certain that an exposure to quartz did not exceed 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 as an exposure limit, the exposure would have to be below 21 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 given the error of  ±16 percent calculated from the OSHAs Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) study. Based on the information presented in the technological feasibility analysis, the Agency believes that 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is the lowest feasible PEL. An alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible because the engineering and work practice controls identified to date will not be sufficient to consistently reduce exposures to levels below 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 in most operations most of the time. OSHA believes that an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible for many industries, and that the use of respiratory protection would be necessary in most operations most of the time to achieve compliance. Additionally, the monetary matter is the controversial subject that raises many contradictions in firms to accept the new proposed PELs by OSHA. References 1. Beaudry C., Lavouà © J., Sauvà © J-F., Bà ©gin D., Senhaji Rhazi M., Perrault G., Dion C., Gà ©rin M., (2012), Occupational Exposure to Silica in Construction Workers: A Literature-Based Exposure Database, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 71–77. 2. www.osha.gov/Occupational Health/Projects/Crystalline Silica Exposure.htm 3. Esswein E. J., Breitenstein M., Snawder J., Kiefer, M., Sieber WK., (2013), Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 347-356. 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012), A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Lyon, France: IARC. 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), (2011), Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). In Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: DHHS, PHS, NTP, 377–379. 6. Mossman B. T., Jimenez L.A. , Bà ©rubà © K., Quinlan T., Janssen Y.M.W.,( 2011), Possible Mechanisms of Crystalline Silica-Induced Lung Disease, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10:1115-1117. 7. Hewett P., Morey S.Z., Holen B. M., Logan P. W., Olsen G. W., (2012), Cohort Mortality Study of Roofing Granule Mine and Mill Workers. Part I: Estimation of Historical Crystalline Silica Exposures, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9: 199-210. 8. Miles W. J., (2010), Issues and Controversy: The Measurement of Crystalline Silica; Review Papers on Analytical Methods , American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 60:396–402. 9. www.osha.gov/silica/nprm.pdf. 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), (1974), NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica. HEW (NIOSH) Pub. No.75–120. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NIOSH. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (1997), Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils. IARC Monographs, Vol. 68. Lyon, France: IARC. 12. ACGIH, (2006), Silica, Crystalline: ÃŽ ±-Quartz and Cristobalite. Chemical Substances, 7th Edition Documentation. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH. 13. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2007and 2013).

Jack Kevorkian Essay -- essays research papers fc

After talks with her husband, sons, minister, and local doctors; Janet Adkins decided she didn ¹t want to undergo the sustained mental deterioration that Alzheimer ¹s Disease caused (Uhlman 111). She began to realize she had the disease when she started forgetting songs and failed to recognize notes as she played the piano (Filene 188).  ³She read in Newsweek about Dr. Jack Kevorkian and his Å’Mercitron ¹ machine, then saw him on the Å’Donahue ¹ Television show ² (Filene 188). With her husband ¹s consent but objections by sons and doctors, she telephoned him to arrange to kill herself (Filene 188). She still had a life expectancy of at least ten years with the illness, but she wished to die. She wanted to die before the disease robbed her of her competence (Larson 229). Kevorkian later killed Adkins and faced the consequences boldly (Hendin,  ³Suicide in America ² 247). The background, process, and effects of Dr. Kevorkian ¹s questionable first patient, Jane t Adkins, have a very detailed story in them. Janet Adkins led a very productive life up to and even after she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer ¹s, but she couldn ¹t handle losing control of her brain (Filene 188). She was 54 years old and lived in a wealthy Oregon suburb with her stock broker husband, Ron. She was also the mother of three sons, taught English and piano, went hang gliding, trekked in Nepal, climbed Mount Hood, and generally behaved with a lot of energy (Gutmann 20). She and her husband were longtime Hemlock society members, which advocates Euthanasia in some cases (Betzold 22).  ³Doctors at a Portland hospital told her that eventually she would be dependent on her husband for feeding and bathing ² (Gutmann 21). She did not want to take her own life in case she messed it up, and her own doctors wouldn ¹t help her (Hendin ,  ³Seduced by Death ² 132). Though she was still able to carry on clear conversations and demolish her son at tennis; her husband explained that if she was going to go, she ¹d probably want to go to soon rather than to late (Gutmann 21). After hearing about Kevorkian, Ron Adkins contacted him to employ his services (Wolfson 56). Her husband complained to Dr. Kevorkian that he had to remind her of the times of her tennis lessons, and that she kept leaving her purse in the house. After the brief conversation, Kevorkian agreed to meet with her (Gutmann 20).  ³Dr. Kevorkian was a ret... ...termining how ill she was. Also the method of which he carried out the suicide raised questions (Hendin,  ³Seduced by Death ² 130). Among supporters of Euthanasia he became something of an antiestablishment here (Larson 230). This was the first of over a hundred assisted suicides that he would perform (Uhlman 111). Works Cited Betzold, Michael.  ³The Selling of Doctor Death. ² New Republic 26 May 1997: 22-28. Fessenden, Ford.  ³Matters of Life and Death. ² Newsday 10 June 1995: 7. Filene, Peter. In the Arms of Others. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998. Gutmann, Stephanie.  ³Death and the Maiden. ² New Republic 24 June 1996: 20-22. Hamel, Robert. Must We Suffer Our Way to Death. Texas: Southern Methodist Press, 1996. Hendin, Herbert. Seduced by Death. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997. Hendin, Herbert. Suicide in America. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1995. Larson, Edward. A Different Death. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1998. Uhlman, Michael. Last Rights. Washington D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1998. Wolfson, Adam.  ³Killing of the Dying. ² The Public Interest Spring 1998: 56.

Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo Essay

Both novels, the Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and the El Filibusterismo, (The Filibuster) inspired by the patriotic ideals of national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, depict the abuses suffered by the native indios at the hands of Spanish tyrants. The Noli paints us an ugly, yet clear picture of the so-called â€Å"social cancer† that deteriorates the society. The first of those two masterfully-crafted works, the Noli lays the most liberal, realistic and fearless view of the country’s well-being during the 300-year Spanish regime. It illustrates the rotten system of governance, the illicit ways of the church and the unfavorable trade of the privilege class. The Noli also relates how the government, the church and the privilege class manipulate the people. The government deprives the youth of education and how they use the people’s ignorance to their advantage. The treacherous friars by means of God and faith controlled the people, making them dummies of all sorts. On the other hand, the privilege class used their elite status to get ahead of everybody, by hook or by crook — employing the â€Å"me first† attitude. In the Noli, the weak and disposed seemingly lose hope resulting to unfortunate deaths (as the case Pilisopo Tasyo) and sometimes insanity. (as the case of Sisa) Hence the oppressed formed a brotherhood that hopes to liberate the country by use of force. To no avail, due to disorganization and lack of arms, each and every attempt at resistance failed. In Noli, the character of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra was introduced, an intelligent and promising young man who has high hopes of changing the course of the country.