OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica

OSHA Considerations for Reducing PELs for Crystalline Silica OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica Presented by: Sepideh Sadeghi Introduction Crystalline silica is known as an important constituent in some construction materials like stone, sand, concrete, and granite (1, 2). It comes from different industrial activities such as agriculture, sandblasting, mining, foundry, construction, oil and gas extraction, and hydraulic fracturing (3). Crystalline silica is present in the form of Quartz, Cristobalite and tridymite and all of them are known as a source of exposure in the work places (1, 2). Exposure to crystalline silica can cause silicosis, and a progressive fibrosis of the lungs (2). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have found two forms of quartz and cristobalite carcinogenic (4, 5). There is a possible mechanism that denotes how this material causes lung disease; when active oxygen species (AOS) is generated by chemicals reactions, it can interact with DNA, proteins, and lipids in macromolecules, then mutation in DNA can initiate the process of cancer or DNA damage (6). The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) which is adopted by OSHA is, (RCS): PEL = (10 mg/m3)/ (%silica+2) which restricts both the exposure to RCS and respirable dust (7). The PEL has not updated since the agency was established in 1971. There are many techniques to identify and quantify crystalline silica such as X-ray diffraction methods, Infrared methods, optical and electron microscopy techniques, chemical and thermal analysis. However, some of these techniques have some limitations in their process (8). The purpose of this study is reviewing the OSHA considerations for reducing PELs for crystalline silica. Background Based on the researches done to identify the reason of workers’ illnesses in Vermont granite occurred in 1940 the OSHA proposed the current PEL in 1971(7). The most common symptoms among the workers in Vermont granite were shortness of breath, dry cough, and reduced pulmonary function (9). Then, a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.05 mg/m3 for RCS was proposed by NIOSH in 1974 (7, 10) In 1989, NIOSH testified to OSHA that silica should be considered a â€Å"potential occupational carcinogen.† And IARC attested to classify crystalline silica as a carcinogen (7, 11). As a result, the ACGIH accepted to list the silica as an â€Å"A2 Suspected Human carcinogen† In 1999, and, in 2000, adopted a TLV of 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 for RCS. In 2006, additional evidences indicated the relation between lung cancer and the inflammation caused by silica, and it led the ACGIH to reduce the TLV to 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9, 12). Results and discussion The detrimental effects of silica on the workers’ health such as lung cancer, kidney diseases and sometimes death necessitated OSHA proposing a new PEL for respirable crystalline silica of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 (9). The investigations conducted in the industries showed that workers were at the risk of illnesses and death below the current PELs (9). The following paragraphs address the OSHA considerations for reducing the PEL for crystalline silica. Possibility of Sampling and Analytical Methods The possibility of sampling and analytical methods is between the several limitations that can affect the OSHA decision to reduce the silica PELs. There are some available and accurate personal sampling cyclones like SKC G-3, Higgens-Dowel, Dorr-Oliver, and BGI GK 2.69 which were examined by OSHA for collecting the respirable crystalline silica. According to OSHA, all of these devices are able to collect the silica as low as 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 which is needed for the OSHA analytical method of ID-142 (9). Regarding analytical methods to measure silica, two factors of sensitivity and accuracy are investigated by OSHA. The first method that OSHA concludes it has a reasonable sensitivity for measuring the silica was the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). However, the poor inter-laboratory results indicated that the mentioned methods are lack of precision. The XRD method of ID-142 presents the precision of  ±23 for the crystalline silica of 50 to 160 ÃŽ ¼g and  ±19 percent for the sampling and analytical error. Therefore, the OSHA could not rely on such colorimetric methods to measure the low amount of silica. Finally, OSHA’s analysis found the laboratories good agreement for the samples in the range of 49-70 ÃŽ ¼g. Therefore, OSHA believes that a PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is more appropriate in the workplaces (9). Possibility of Control Technologies According to possibility of control technologies the OSHA has conducted an analysis for both of general industry sectors and construction industry activities that are potentially affected by the proposed silica standard. 3.2.1. Possibility Findings for the Proposed Permissible Exposure Limit of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 According to the results of findings, OSHA assumed that the proposed PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is appropriate for all affected general industries as well as construction activities (9). Thus, OSHA discerned that the PEL of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3 will be sufficient to maintain in engineering and work practices. And for those few activities within an industry where the proposed PEL is not technologically achievable the workers can achieve the exposure levels at or below the proposed PEL by wearing the protective equipments such as respirators (9). 3.2.2 Feasibility Findings for an Alternative Permissible Exposure Limit of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 Regarding to the results of possibility analysis, OSHA concludes that a proposed PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be achievable for many industries, and using respiratory protection would have to be required in most operations to achieve compliance. However, there are several industries that have achieved an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 such as asphalt paving products, dental laboratories, mineral processing, and paint and coatings manufacturing in general industry, and drywall finishers and heavy equipment operators in construction industry. In these industries, small amounts of silica containing materials cause to have low concentrations of airborne respirable silica (9). The ferrous foundry industry would not be able to agree with the PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 without using the respirators. In the ferrous foundry industry silica is used and recycled to create castings and there is a big amount of silica dust during the process of recycling. Also, the high level silica dust is generated during the shakeout process. The engineering controls determine the exposures below 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, but the exposure above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 still occur. Therefore, the engineering controls in place, reported the exposure range of 13 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 53 ÃŽ ¼g/m3, with many of the reported exposures above 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3(9). The construction industry is similar to the ferrous industry with regarding the generation of dust. Thus, the engineering controls cannot comply to maintain exposures at or below the alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. 3.3. Cost of compliance In this section the detailed assessment of the costs to establishments in all affected industry sectors was provided for supporting of the proposed silica rule of reducing worker exposures to silica to an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3.Table 1 describes the annualized costs of the proposed rule by cost category for general industry, maritime, and construction. The cost is including the engineering controls, respirators, exposure assessment, medical issue, training and regulating areas or access control. Table 1. Annualized Compliance Costs for Employers in General Industry, Maritime, and Construction Affected by OSHA’s Proposed Silica Standard (2009 dollars) (13) Table 1 depicts the total annualized costs of the proposed rule, $132.5 million by general industry, $14.2 million by maritime, and $511.2 million by construction. So, considering the economic feasibility, OSHA standards are economically feasible so long as their costs do not threaten the existence of, or cause massive economic dislocations within, a particular industry or alter the competitive structure of that industry. For example, firms that want to have a profitable line of business may have to increase prices to stay viable. Increases in prices typically result in reduced quantity demanded, but rarely eliminate all demand for the product. This decrease in the total production of goods and services results in smaller output for each establishment within the industry or the closure of some plants within the industry, or a combination of the two, is dependent on the cost and profit structure of individual firms within the industry. So, the economic matter is the controversial subj ect to discuss and there are always some contradictions in companies to accept the cost of new proposed PELs. Conclusion The limitations in the characterization of the precision of the analytical method preclude the Agency from proposing a PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3. First, the measurement error increases by about 4 to 5 percent for a full-shift sample taken at 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 compared to one taken at 50ÃŽ ¼g/m3, and the error would be expected to increase further as filter loads approach the limit of detection. Second, for an employer to be virtually certain that an exposure to quartz did not exceed 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 as an exposure limit, the exposure would have to be below 21 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 given the error of  ±16 percent calculated from the OSHAs Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) study. Based on the information presented in the technological feasibility analysis, the Agency believes that 50 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 is the lowest feasible PEL. An alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible because the engineering and work practice controls identified to date will not be sufficient to consistently reduce exposures to levels below 25 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 in most operations most of the time. OSHA believes that an alternative PEL of 25ÃŽ ¼g/m3 would not be feasible for many industries, and that the use of respiratory protection would be necessary in most operations most of the time to achieve compliance. Additionally, the monetary matter is the controversial subject that raises many contradictions in firms to accept the new proposed PELs by OSHA. References 1. Beaudry C., Lavouà © J., Sauvà © J-F., Bà ©gin D., Senhaji Rhazi M., Perrault G., Dion C., Gà ©rin M., (2012), Occupational Exposure to Silica in Construction Workers: A Literature-Based Exposure Database, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 71–77. 2. www.osha.gov/Occupational Health/Projects/Crystalline Silica Exposure.htm 3. Esswein E. J., Breitenstein M., Snawder J., Kiefer, M., Sieber WK., (2013), Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10: 347-356. 4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012), A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part C: Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Lyon, France: IARC. 5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), and the National Toxicology Program (NTP), (2011), Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). In Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: DHHS, PHS, NTP, 377–379. 6. Mossman B. T., Jimenez L.A. , Bà ©rubà © K., Quinlan T., Janssen Y.M.W.,( 2011), Possible Mechanisms of Crystalline Silica-Induced Lung Disease, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 10:1115-1117. 7. Hewett P., Morey S.Z., Holen B. M., Logan P. W., Olsen G. W., (2012), Cohort Mortality Study of Roofing Granule Mine and Mill Workers. Part I: Estimation of Historical Crystalline Silica Exposures, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9: 199-210. 8. Miles W. J., (2010), Issues and Controversy: The Measurement of Crystalline Silica; Review Papers on Analytical Methods , American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 60:396–402. 9. www.osha.gov/silica/nprm.pdf. 10. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), (1974), NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica. HEW (NIOSH) Pub. No.75–120. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NIOSH. 11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (1997), Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils. IARC Monographs, Vol. 68. Lyon, France: IARC. 12. ACGIH, (2006), Silica, Crystalline: ÃŽ ±-Quartz and Cristobalite. Chemical Substances, 7th Edition Documentation. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACGIH. 13. U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2007and 2013).

Jack Kevorkian Essay -- essays research papers fc

After talks with her husband, sons, minister, and local doctors; Janet Adkins decided she didn ¹t want to undergo the sustained mental deterioration that Alzheimer ¹s Disease caused (Uhlman 111). She began to realize she had the disease when she started forgetting songs and failed to recognize notes as she played the piano (Filene 188).  ³She read in Newsweek about Dr. Jack Kevorkian and his Å’Mercitron ¹ machine, then saw him on the Å’Donahue ¹ Television show ² (Filene 188). With her husband ¹s consent but objections by sons and doctors, she telephoned him to arrange to kill herself (Filene 188). She still had a life expectancy of at least ten years with the illness, but she wished to die. She wanted to die before the disease robbed her of her competence (Larson 229). Kevorkian later killed Adkins and faced the consequences boldly (Hendin,  ³Suicide in America ² 247). The background, process, and effects of Dr. Kevorkian ¹s questionable first patient, Jane t Adkins, have a very detailed story in them. Janet Adkins led a very productive life up to and even after she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer ¹s, but she couldn ¹t handle losing control of her brain (Filene 188). She was 54 years old and lived in a wealthy Oregon suburb with her stock broker husband, Ron. She was also the mother of three sons, taught English and piano, went hang gliding, trekked in Nepal, climbed Mount Hood, and generally behaved with a lot of energy (Gutmann 20). She and her husband were longtime Hemlock society members, which advocates Euthanasia in some cases (Betzold 22).  ³Doctors at a Portland hospital told her that eventually she would be dependent on her husband for feeding and bathing ² (Gutmann 21). She did not want to take her own life in case she messed it up, and her own doctors wouldn ¹t help her (Hendin ,  ³Seduced by Death ² 132). Though she was still able to carry on clear conversations and demolish her son at tennis; her husband explained that if she was going to go, she ¹d probably want to go to soon rather than to late (Gutmann 21). After hearing about Kevorkian, Ron Adkins contacted him to employ his services (Wolfson 56). Her husband complained to Dr. Kevorkian that he had to remind her of the times of her tennis lessons, and that she kept leaving her purse in the house. After the brief conversation, Kevorkian agreed to meet with her (Gutmann 20).  ³Dr. Kevorkian was a ret... ...termining how ill she was. Also the method of which he carried out the suicide raised questions (Hendin,  ³Seduced by Death ² 130). Among supporters of Euthanasia he became something of an antiestablishment here (Larson 230). This was the first of over a hundred assisted suicides that he would perform (Uhlman 111). Works Cited Betzold, Michael.  ³The Selling of Doctor Death. ² New Republic 26 May 1997: 22-28. Fessenden, Ford.  ³Matters of Life and Death. ² Newsday 10 June 1995: 7. Filene, Peter. In the Arms of Others. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998. Gutmann, Stephanie.  ³Death and the Maiden. ² New Republic 24 June 1996: 20-22. Hamel, Robert. Must We Suffer Our Way to Death. Texas: Southern Methodist Press, 1996. Hendin, Herbert. Seduced by Death. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997. Hendin, Herbert. Suicide in America. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1995. Larson, Edward. A Different Death. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1998. Uhlman, Michael. Last Rights. Washington D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1998. Wolfson, Adam.  ³Killing of the Dying. ² The Public Interest Spring 1998: 56.

Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo Essay

Both novels, the Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and the El Filibusterismo, (The Filibuster) inspired by the patriotic ideals of national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal, depict the abuses suffered by the native indios at the hands of Spanish tyrants. The Noli paints us an ugly, yet clear picture of the so-called â€Å"social cancer† that deteriorates the society. The first of those two masterfully-crafted works, the Noli lays the most liberal, realistic and fearless view of the country’s well-being during the 300-year Spanish regime. It illustrates the rotten system of governance, the illicit ways of the church and the unfavorable trade of the privilege class. The Noli also relates how the government, the church and the privilege class manipulate the people. The government deprives the youth of education and how they use the people’s ignorance to their advantage. The treacherous friars by means of God and faith controlled the people, making them dummies of all sorts. On the other hand, the privilege class used their elite status to get ahead of everybody, by hook or by crook — employing the â€Å"me first† attitude. In the Noli, the weak and disposed seemingly lose hope resulting to unfortunate deaths (as the case Pilisopo Tasyo) and sometimes insanity. (as the case of Sisa) Hence the oppressed formed a brotherhood that hopes to liberate the country by use of force. To no avail, due to disorganization and lack of arms, each and every attempt at resistance failed. In Noli, the character of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra was introduced, an intelligent and promising young man who has high hopes of changing the course of the country.

Why Franklin Valued Learning - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 612 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Benjamin Franklin Essay Did you like this example? Franklin valued learning and was constantly striving to gain knowledge and improve himself. He would do certain things to improve his writing and his reputation. Franklin would always want to gain knowledge and improve. This autobiography showed how he wanted to improve and showed how he had improved. Franklin helped people, improved his group writings and did things to help the community. I had chosen the second option to write about this story because it felt most suitable for me. In Franklins group, junto he would use his partners work to edit and make it his own, an example of this from his autobiography. The rules that I drew up required that every member, in his turn, should produce one or more queries on any point of morals, politics, or natural philosophy, to be discussed by the company (45). Franklin would take the prints from some of the group members, and print it as his own, then would use them to improve his work and knowledge. Franklin would then post his paper to the public, showing how he had improved. Franklin would not be a bad person and steal his groups writings, he would use them to help improve his own. Franklin would help his group improve as well, he would help them with their papers, inventions and many other things. He had loved doing this to help the community and just to entertain children. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Franklin Valued Learning" essay for you Create order Throughout the book, franklin would use virtues to help him get through tough times and use to use them everyday for good outcome. 1. Temperance eat not to dullness, drink not to elevation. 2. Silence speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation (64 65). This quote proves my point with franklin using these every day. For temperance, he uses this virtue to control his temper. For silence, he shows how to avoid bad conversations and to keep his mouth shut. These virtues had helped franklin all throughout his life, meaning that if something were to happen, he would try and avoid the situation and keep his mouth shut to not get in trouble. Franklin would help others in need to help his reputation grow. He would take advantage of this to make others look at him differently, to see how much of a great person he is. This man continued to live in this decaying place, and to declaim some strain, refusing for many years to buy a house there (45). This quote shows how franklin found this homeless man and had visited him and gave him food and water. He would do this to help the man, and gain reputation with others. Franklin would always want to help his reputation grow, but at the same time he would really want to help the people in need. Franklin would not only do this for his reputation, but to help the people in need to help them live a better life. Ever since he had left his family, he wouldnt want anything bad to happen to the families in his city, this is why he had made so many inventions to help the community survive. My thesis statement and supporting evidence proves that franklin would always want to improve with his knowledge and improve his reputation. The supporting evidence in this paper shows how he would help people to improve his reputation, he would use his group partners writings to improve his own and he would invent things such as power, furniture and clothes. Franklin had left his family due to a drinking problem, but this had inspired him to do things for the better. This is what made franklin write, invent things and help people in the community.

The Falling Apart of Okonkwos Personal Life and the...

Things Fall Apart. Such an intriguing title, because everything will eventually fall apart. Chinua Achebes choice of a title may lead some to confusion, because throughout his book many things fall apart, from Okonkwos personal life achievements and emotions to the town of Umuofia as its people split, and perhaps the biggest thing to fall apart, the very culture of the Igbo people. One could focus on any one of these topics and trace the complexity of its fall from previous glory to the eventual ruin at the end of Achebes novel. Studying the overall book provides a much more interesting conclusion, however, than simply tracking the different ways people or the town change, as instead it is possible to gain insight into Achebes goals†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo started with what his father, Unoka, had left him. Unoka left the legacy of his son [...] was ashamed of him (Achebe 8.) He left Okonkwo [having] taken no title and [being] heavily in debt (8.) However, Okonkwo was ab le to rise above his being ashamed of his father, because despite being left heavily in debt he had become a wealthy farmer (8) and despite his father not having any titles, he had won fame [...] and he had taken two titles [...] he was already one of the greatest men of his time (8.) Okonkwo was able to become successful, despite the disgrace his father had left as his legacy, and because of this Okonkwo received a boy to take care of, Ikemefuna. However, when Okonkwo must allow the boy to be killed, he sabotages his own emotional health by going with the execution party. This moment shows how Igbo culture was not perfect, as this is not a problem within the culture caused by Europeans, but is just an unfortunate part of what their traditional culture is. Okonkwo was warned by Ogbuefi Ezeudu, a man considered wise and given high respect, to not kill that boy because he calls [Okonkwo] father (57.) Oknonkwos own insecurities are highlighted just as Ikemefuna is about to be killed, w hen Ikemefuna cries, My father, they have killed me! as he ran towards [Okonkwo]. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak (61.) Okonkwo

From the Inside Out To Kill a Mockingbird Essay - 585 Words

Twenty-seven years in prison could not shake his resolve to transform laws in South Africa. Innocent people shot down in front of him did not scare him away. After his death, NBC News reports that â€Å"†¦Mandela was a figure of enormous moral influence—a symbol of revolution, resistance, and triumph over racial segregation† (Connor). Similarly, Harper Lee shows us in To Kill a Mockingbird that one person standing alone has the power to influence the minds of people and challenge them to make sensible decisions. There will be many obstacles to overcome but one person can change society’s actions by taking courage to stand up for what’s right and urge other people to view situations differently. Society will not change itself unless someone†¦show more content†¦With the new information, they are able to look deeper into the situation, but also open up to see other opportunities. When a mob of grown men arrive, Scout starts talking to Walter Cu nningham about his son and entailments. Atticus reflects afterwards that â€Å"†¦you children last night made Walter Cunningham stand in my shoes for a minute. That was enough† (Lee 157). A young girl standing in the middle of a hostile mob talks to everyone without a clue of what is happening and made them realize how things looked from her father’s point of view. When the men further understood their actions, they changed their mindset. After explaining why he pretends to be drunk all the time, Mr. Raymond tells Scout and Dill that in the future they will â€Å"cry about the hell white people give colored folks, without even stopping to think that they’re people, too† (Lee 201). The children are too young to realize the trouble white people create for colored people because they are so focused on skin color and outward appearances. He wants white people not to look at colored people as colored, but rather as a human just like everyone else. If othe rs are exposed to unfamiliar ideas, they will view the world at a different angle and their actions will change with their thoughts. All it takes to create change is one person who has the willpower and faith in their own views to stand up for the oppressed and convince people to look at situationsShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Innocence In To Kill A Mockingbird1374 Words   |  6 Pages Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is best known as a literary classic, telling the tale of a young girl named Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch’s childhood in a southern Alabama town during the great depression. While the fate of a black male convicted of rape still looms in the synopsis. To Kill a Mockingbird the title of the novel, refers to a quote on page 119. Both said by Atticus Finch the town of Maycombs lawyer and Miss Maudie his neighbor, â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†. 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This tiny town is like it’s own little world; no one really comes in and no one really leaves. The one issue that Lee points out about this town is racism and j udgement. Maycomb is a racially divided town. Atticus Finch, our main character’sRead More Symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesin To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee The mockingbird is a major symbol in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. Harper Lee chose the mockingbird for both the title of her book and as a symbol in her book. I believe she selected it because the mockingbird is a creature that is loved by all for its singing and mocking, for which it gets its name, and how it never intends to harm anything or anybody. Atticus Finch says to Jem, but remember it?s a sin to kill a mockingbird.? WhereuponRead MoreThe Symbolic Nature of Mocking Birds in In To Kill A Mockingbird by Lee Harper659 Words   |  3 Pages A mockingbird is a bird that is known for mimicking songs of other birds and insects. They do not harm people or destroy nature. All they do is make nice tones for everyone to hear. In To Kill A Mockingbird, the mockingbird symbolizes innocence; so when you kill a mockingbird, you kill the person’s innocence. In the book, Boo Radley, Tom Robinson, and the children are symbolic of the mockingbird because they show si gns of innocence throughout the story. Boo Radley is symbolic of the mockingbirdRead MoreEssay Justice System in To Kill a Mockingbird897 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the dedication of Mr. Finch in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, even though it turned out against his favor due to an absence of evidence and a debauched court hearing. This court hearing makes readers question whether or not the justice system of that era was fair and in retrospect, a good question is whether or not our justice system today is fair and lawful. If you think that a false conviction was unfair, Tom is eventually killed for his false conviction under a faulty justice system. To meRead MoreTheme Of To Kill A Mockingbird1699 Words   |  7 Pages The Pureness of Mockingbirds In 1960, Harper Lee published one of the most controversial books of our time. To kill a mockingbird contains three debatable themes; racism, good and evil, and morals. Harper Lee uses three children and rape trial to portray these topics. These themes are present throughout the story of a small Alabama town divided over a rape trial including an African American man and a young white girl. Lee’s novel is still disputed over to this day. 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Ostensibly, the title of To Kill a Mockingbird has scant literary connection to the plot of the story, but the recurring mockingbird motif symbolizes the innocent and good characters in this novel. Miss Maudie explains to Scout why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird: â€Å"Your father’s right. Mockingbirds don’t do one thingRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that black

Track Presumption Reproduction Of Desire -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Track Presumption Reproduction Of Desire? Answer: Introduction: In the last few years there has been one industry which has been responsible for the centre stage of business which is that of e-commerce. Online marketplaces are responsible for a major amount of shopping which is being done. Several small, medium and large companies have succeeded from the growth of e-commerce. The sellers are also experiencing a significant accounting of growth in the business. It is considered that e-commerce is one of the biggest business opportunities in the present times. Out of several e-commerce transactions, the B2C is responsible for directly connecting the business to the customer. It is a sort of transaction where a company sells its products or services directly to the customers, that is, the consumers (Haucap and Heimeshoff 2014). In the present report the selected application is the eBay application. The launch of the eBay application for both the android and the I-phone platforms has been a significant step in the success of the company all over the world. The report aims to show the decision of the eBay company and its decision to launch the application. The success as well as the existent drawbacks of the application as a mobile application is to be discussed in the report. The application can be considered a business to customer, that is, a B2C mobile application (Denegri-Knott and Zwick 2012). Background: The eBay company was launched in the year 1995. At the time of its launch it was an online platform which allowed the proficient peer-to-peer trading in the form of a public sale. The online auction site helped the people with a space on the internet for buying selling and trading any possible items imaginable. The business of the company is innovative in the sense that there is no amount of inventory, transportation and cost of production concerned with the products. There is a simple user environment of the product on both the application as well as the web page. The selling price for each of the items is posted and is provided as a total to the individuals and the company gets only a small portion of the selling price (Denegri-Knott and Zwick 2012). In the beginning the company planned to match up to the buyers and sellers. This would be matched up to the buyers and sellers by the collection of a nominal amount as a fees and this would help the business grow in a swift manner. The market of eBay provided an option for the transaction related to the products which did not have conventional stores. The company aimed to create the largest trading community of the world. Thus people could expand in the global market by a decentralised value chain implementation (Denegri-Knott and Zwick 2012). In order to maintain the supremacy of the company, it needed to have an impact on the minds of the people. The company understood that in the present world of technology it was necessary to maintain a connection with the people by all the social media as well as mobile application platforms (Patel and Menon 2013). The company is a cutting edge in commerce by the selling of almost everything dependent on its presence in any part of the world. Despite the fact that the company does not have any physical store it has a presence in every corner of the world. The growth of social media has impacted the way in which the organisations communicate, the internet also provides several ideas which enables a person to develop social and business platforms, share knowledge as well as collaborate (Lau and Bruno 2012). The constant connection and remaining updated about all sorts of happenings, on the social networking sites has proved to be beneficial for the company as they can remind and update their followers constantly about the uses, importance and capabilities. As the cell phones are connected to the social networking sites the organisations are able to ensure that their advertisements are always in sight (Liu, Cao and Wong 2013). The eBay company has utilized the internet known as digital marketing, web marketing as well as online marketing. The mobile phones which are nowadays used by people of all age groups, assist in the marketing of eBay. The users of the eBay services are notified in case of new notifications. The social media sites are also linked to the company services for notifying the customers (Lau and Bruno 2012). The application of eBay: The mobile applications of eBay are free and downloading the applications takes only a few minutes. The downloading of the application is often faster over Wi-Fi than on a cellular connection. So in order to ensure that the installation of the application is fast, the device needs to be connected to a wireless network. For i-phone or i-pad the application is to be downloaded from the app store and the search icon needed to be tapped and then the eBay for mobile or i-pad needs to be searched for (Lau and Bruno 2012). For android phones the items can be bought from the Android market by searching for the official eBay for android app and it needs to be installed. The items can be bought on eBay from the mobile device by simply downloading one of the mobile applications. In case a person has a different phone, eBay can still be accessed by utilization of the web browser, on the phone or Laptop. In the eBay applications, a person can perform a plethora of things (Einav et al. 2014). People can research sales trends and complete listings, for items which are of a same nature. This is to be done so that the products listed on the website of the company are competitive in terms of pricing. There might be pictures that can be taken from the device, and they can be added to the listing. It is fast and easy as well (Liu, Cao and Wong 2013). The items barcode can be scanned and the product available in the catalogue can be added automatically. The application is simple and easy to use. The menu on the mobile phones as well as other browsers clearly helps the customers to buy and choose products of their choice. The visitors on the application can clearly navigate through the application and the products to be purchased can either be selected directly or can be searched by using a special feature (Sondhi et al 2017). Sufficient description of each and every kind of product is provided in the application. The product is extremely beneficial for all kinds of consumers. In case of the application, the consumers can finish a listing they have started before and it can be either done on the mobile device or on the computer or laptop. The eBay application is synchronised to the eBay website. This makes it easy to allow proper synchronization and creating of listing. (Dalmasso et al. 2013). The preferences can be saved as also be predefined and these include the handling time and also return policy. The PayPal can be accepted as a method of payment. The active listings of the individual users can be tracked and the items can also be relisted. The tracking information can be provided to the buyers and questions can also be responded to at once (Garratt, Walker and Wooders 2012). With enhanced data driven marketing capabilities, eBay primarily focuses on making the email marketing of the company super-individualised and relevant. The daily deals which are set up for individual users are based on new deals each day (Lau and Bruno 2012). At first the customer deals were not personalised or relevant but at present the reminders of relevant items are sent to users thereby providing them with an update of items that they are viewing and which are best suited and available to them. However the application is not perfect and the drawbacks of the customers need to be listened to and worked on (Haucap and Heimeshoff 2014). Conclusion: From the given study it is clear that the decision of the company to have introduced the application for eBay was a reasonably good decision and the approach has been profitable. The development of the application for the iOS and android has assisted the operations in having a strong hold on the market. The application of the company provides several facilities which are otherwise not available in the conventional websites of the company. The company can also branch out to other business opportunities. The customers who have been loyal to the company for long time need to be retained. It can be ensured that the company has a personal buying and selling business. The company needs to look out for its competitors in the field and therefore it is desirable that application needs to improve the application and its features for being appealing to even more customers. The application needs to be even more user friendly and the company needs to improve its strategy to make significant improvements. The company therefore needs to focus on its negatives so as to emerge as an invincible player in the online market. References: Dalmasso, I., Datta, S.K., Bonnet, C. and Nikaein, N., 2013, July. Survey, comparison and evaluation of cross platform mobile application development tools. InWireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2013 9th International(pp. 323-328). IEEE. Denegri-Knott, J. and Zwick, D., 2012. Tracking prosumption work on eBay: Reproduction of desire and the challenge of slow re-McDonaldization.American Behavioral Scientist,56(4), pp.439-458. Einav, L., Levin, J., Popov, I. and Sundaresan, N., 2014. 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